ACMJ

Anatolian Current Medical Journal (ACMJ) is an unbiased, peer-reviewed, and open access international medical journal. The Journal publishes interesting clinical and experimental research conducted in all fields of medicine, interesting case reports, and clinical images, invited reviews, editorials, letters, comments, and related knowledge.

EndNote Style
Index
Original Article
Comparison of iron, vitamin B12, and vitamin D levels in healthy children and children with speech and language disorders
Aims: This study investigated the relationship between speech and language disorders in children and their levels of vitamin D (25(OH)D3), vitamin B12, and iron.
Methods: A total of 163 children participated in the study. Among 111 children diagnosed with speech and language disorders, the distribution included stuttering (n=12), articulation disorder (n=55), developmental language disorder (n=36), fluency disorder (n=4), atypical autism (n=3), and rapid speech disorder (n=1). Additionally, 52 healthy children were included as a control group. The levels of iron, vitamin B12, and vitamin D were recorded for both groups.
Results: Average levels in the study group were as follows: vitamin D at 24.88±14.788 ng/ml, vitamin B12 at 267.43±174.523 pg/ml, and iron at 74.19±34.479 µg/dl. Iron levels were significantly lower in children with speech disorders compared to those in the control group (z=1.986, p=0.049). However, no significant differences were found among the various subgroups of speech disorders in terms of iron, vitamin B12, or vitamin D levels. A positive correlation was observed between vitamin D and vitamin B12 levels within the speech disorder group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: This study suggests a potential link between lower iron levels and speech disorders, though further research is required to validate these findings in children with speech and language disorders.


1. Silverman FH. Stuttering and other fluency disorders. Illinois: Waveland Press. 2004
2. Maria-Mengel MR, Martins Linhares MB. Risk factors for infant developmental problems. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2007;15 Spec No: 837-842. doi:10.1590/s0104-11692007000700019
3. Samra HA, McGrath JM, Wehbe M. An integrated review of developmental outcomes and late-preterm birth. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2011;40(4):399-411. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01270.x
4. Hall NE. Developmental language disorders. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1997;4(2):77-85. doi:10.1016/s1071-9091(97)80023-x
5. Black MM. Effects of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency on brain development in children. Food Nutr Bull. 2008;29(2 Suppl):S126-131. doi:10.1177/15648265080292S117
6. L&ouml;vblad K, Ramelli G, Remonda L, Nirkko AC, Ozdoba C, Schroth G. Retardation of myelination due to dietary vitamin B12 deficiency: cranial MRI findings. Pediatr Radiol. 1997;27(2):155-158. doi:10.1007/s002470050090
7. Georgieff MK. Nutrition and the developing brain: nutrient priorities and measurement. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(2):614S-620S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.2.614S
8. Bouillon R, Carmeliet G, Verlinden L, et al. Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocr Rev. 2008; 29(6):726-776. doi:10.1210/er.2008-0004
9. Holick MF. Vitamin D: extraskeletal health. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010;39(2):381-400. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2010.02.016
10. Gilchrest BA. Sun exposure and vitamin D sufficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(2):570S-577S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.2.570S
11. Topbaş S. Turkish pronunciation-photophony test: validity-reliability and standardization study Turkish journal of psychology. T&uuml;rk Psikoloji Derg. 2006;21(58):39-56.
12. Topbaş S, G&uuml;ven OS. Turkish Early Language Development Test- TEDİL, Test Battery. Ankara: Detay Publishing, 2011.
13. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266-281. doi:10.1056/NEJMra070553
14. Sezgin Evim M, Erd&ouml;l Ş, &Ouml;zdemir &Ouml;, Baytan B, G&uuml;neş AM. Long-term outcome in children with nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency. Turk J Haematol. 2011;28(4):286-293. doi:10.5152/tjh.2011.82
15. Rose SA, Feldman JF, Jankowski JJ. A cognitive approach to the development of early language. Child Dev. 2009;80(1):134-150. doi:10. 1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01250.x
16. Cui X, Eyles DW. Vitamin D and the central nervous system: causative and preventative mechanisms in brain disorders. Nutrients. 2022;14(20): 4353. doi:10.3390/nu14204353
17. Garcion E, Wion-Barbot N, Montero-Menei CN, Berger F, Wion D. New clues about vitamin D functions in the nervous system. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2002;13(3):100-105. doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(01)00547-1
18. Brown J, Bianco JI, McGrath JJ, Eyles DW. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces nerve growth factor, promotes neurite outgrowth and inhibits mitosis in embryonic rat hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett. 2003; 343(2):139-143. doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00303-3
19. Annweiler C, Allali G, Allain P, et al. Vitamin D and cognitive performance in adults: a systematic review. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(10): 1083-1089. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02755.x
20. Sağıroğlu S. A comparison of vitamin D levels in chidren with language and speech disorders and healthy children in the Turkish population. T&uuml;rkiye &Ccedil;ocuk Hast Derg. 2020;14(2):158-163. doi:10.12956/tchd.562170
21. Golding J, Gregory S, Clark R, et al. Maternal prenatal vitamin B12 intake is associated with speech development and mathematical abilities in childhood. Nutr Res. 2021;86:68-78. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.005
22. Villamor E, Rifas-Shiman SL, Gillman MW, Oken E. Maternal intake of methyl-donor nutrients and child cognition at 3 years of age. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012;26(4):328-335. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.0 1264.x
23. Boeke CE, Gillman MW, Hughes MD, Rifas-Shiman SL, Villamor E, Oken E. Choline intake during pregnancy and child cognition at age 7 years. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(12):1338-1347. doi:10.1093/aje/kws395
24. Dror DK, Allen LH. Effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on neurodevelopment in infants: current knowledge and possible mechanisms. Nutr Rev. 2008; 66(5):250-255. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00031.x
25. Lozoff B, Georgieff MK. Iron deficiency and brain development. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2006;13(3):158-165. doi:10.1016/j.spen.2006.08.004
26. Beltr&aacute;n-Navarro B, Matute E, V&aacute;squez-Garibay E, Zarabozo D. Effect of chronic iron deficiency on neuropsychological domains in infants. J Child Neurol. 2012;27(3):297-303. doi:10.1177/0883073811416867
27. Yasin A, Aksu H, Ozg&uuml;r E, Ozg&uuml;r BG. Speech and language delay in childhood: a retrospective chart review. ENT Updates. 2017;7(1):22-27. doi:10.2399/jmu.2017001004
Volume 7, Issue 2, 2025
Page : 218-222
_Footer